Coffee 101
View BY :
Cups of Change
the promise behind A Just Cup
Paul Katzeff with children of the Nicaragua Coffee Farm 2001
"Be Our Voice"
Paul Katzeff recalls stepping off a plane in Nicaragua in 1985 and being greeted by Sandinistas carrying AK-47s. They were also campesinos, farmers trying to survive a civil war. They brought him into a room and asked him to carry their story home. He agreed.
That yes changed Thanksgiving Coffee. The people behind the harvest became part of what we meant by quality. Their request helped give us the words we still stand behind: Not Just a Cup, But a Just Cup™.
This October, Cups of Change follows that promise from Nicaragua to our roast room above Noyo Harbor, and into the wider coffee community. It is a story of what happened when a small Mendocino Coast roaster listened to farmers and began changing how it did business.
How Nicaragua Changed The Roast Room
Joan and Paul founded Thanksgiving Coffee in 1972 with a 25-pound roaster at the Mendocino Hotel. Freshly roasted coffee was finding its audience. We were learning our craft and building a business in the community that had welcomed us.
Original Menu and Roaster Illustration from Mendocino Hotel 1972
Café por la Paz, Coffee for Peace, gave our customers a deeper way to take part in our coffee journey. Our 1986 brochure shared how we gave a 25-cent contribution from each bag of coffee sold. The program sent rebates to UNAG, a Nicaraguan farmers’ organization supporting agrarian reform. Our 2016 retrospective shares how we distributed 500,000 educational brochures. Coffee was now a way to bring farmers’ struggles into American homes and give direct support back to their hard work.
We tell more of that history in our blog A Just Cup.
The promise to be the farmers voice was taking a practical form: a bag of coffee could carry information, raise funds, and invite a customer into a relationship with the people who grew it.
For the farmer organization’s perspective on this history, read “Daniel Núñez: The Farmers’ View,” a 1991 interview in Revista Envío, exploring farmers’ struggles for land, fair prices, and peace.
Changing what a coffee bag could tell you
Some changes began even before Nicaragua. Our packaging history records roast color on labels in 1972 and the use of Goglio valve bags in 1977. Freshness dates gave customers another useful fact about their coffee. These details helped people understand what they were buying and helped us deliver the flavor we worked so carefully to develop.
In 1992, our Harvest Line put farmers’ photographs on the packages. Customers could see a face behind the harvest. The grower’s work deserved a place beside the roaster’s name. Our early organic coffees and later commitment to shade-grown coffee also brought the health of the farming landscape into the conversation.
Harvest Line packages - Thanksgiving Coffee Company 1992.
Those choices helped turn a package into an invitation to pay attention. They connected the pleasure of drinking coffee with questions about who grew it, how it was cultivated, and how its value was shared. Independent roasters and producer organizations were building a wider movement toward fairer trade, and we were proud to work alongside them.
From one roaster to an industry conversation
A small roastery can have a voice beyond its harbor. Thanksgiving Coffee was a founding member of the Specialty Coffee Association of America (SCAA), and Paul was the association’s first president, serving three terms. In 2008, the SCAA honored him with a Lifetime Achievement Award for his extraordinary contributions.
In 1992, as president of the board, Paul created the SCAA Environment Committee, later renamed the Sustainability Committee. Its questions reached beyond the roast room. How could coffee businesses support the people growing their beans? What did the industry owe the forests, soil, and biodiversity that made those harvests possible?
Those questions became commitments. On October 10, 1997, the SCAA board unanimously adopted a sustainability policy that named biodiversity protection, respect for human rights, and prices that could support economic sustainability.
For us, this is part of becoming a movement maker: listening to farmers, bringing fellow roasters together, and helping turn concern into collective action. Paul’s leadership was one contribution to work carried forward by many people across the coffee community.
Explore this chapter of our history:
- A Just Cup: The story behind specialty coffee’s first environmental committee
- SCAA Sustainability Statement
- Quality revolutions, solidarity networks, and sustainability innovations: following Fair Trade coffee from Nicaragua to California
This is how a movement grows. People meet, disagree, organize, and change what their profession is willing to take responsibility for. We were one part of that work, alongside collaborators who carried it far beyond Mendocino.
Putting the tools of quality in farmers' hands
The promise also changed who gets to judge a coffee. From 2000–2001, Thanksgiving Coffee worked with USAID and Nicaraguan cooperatives on farmer-owned cupping labs. A lab made structured tasting possible at origin, and training taught growers to use the same tools and standards buyers use to assess their harvest.
For a producer, that knowledge supports experiments, improvements, and negotiations grounded in what the coffee actually is. UCA Miraflor and CECOCAFEN were among our cooperative partners. These farmers already knew their land deeply. The cupping tools gave them another way to show the value they create.
Explore the cupping lab story to meet the people and cooperatives behind this change. The ripple was practical: more knowledge at origin, better-informed conversations about value, and a stronger place for farmers in the story of specialty coffee.
Songbird Colombian carries the conversation forward
The questions behind our work with farmers, how coffee is grown and what a purchase can support, still guide us today. One example is our October feature coffee, Songbird Colombian, an organic, Smithsonian Bird Friendly certified dark roast with notes of toasted nut and dark chocolate and a smooth, lasting finish. Every package supports the programs of the American Birding Association.
Its story begins in Colombia’s Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, where our Agroberlin farmer profile introduces Dario Delgado and his family’s La Cabaña farm. Coffee grows there beneath native shade trees, and our relationship with Agroberlin began in 2015. Bird Friendly certification requires organic production and verified habitat protections, so the trees overhead are part of the story, too.
Care still has to arrive as a delicious cup. That work happens every day in our roast room, where experience and close attention turn a farmer’s harvest into the coffee you brew. In 2017, Roast magazine named Thanksgiving Coffee its Macro Roaster of the Year. We’re grateful for that recognition, and for the growers whose coffee makes our craft possible.
The next ripple begins here
For more than fifty years, Thanksgiving Coffee has contributed time, energy, and coffee to community gatherings along the Mendocino Coast. Behind that history are neighbors setting up events, artists sharing their work, volunteers making things happen, and coffee being poured while people come together. We are part of this community, and it is part of us.
This October, we are contributing coffee to the Native Arts Expo and One People, One Fire October 16–18 in Mendocino, with Bee Bold Alliance helping share the invitation. These Indigenous-led gatherings offer a chance to listen to Native voices, meet artists, and support their work. We invite our neighbors to join us.
We want a regenerative future for Thanksgiving Coffee and the harbor we call home. We are exploring how food sovereignty, art, and community learning might grow alongside the work of roasting and our relationships with farmers. To carry those possibilities forward, this company needs a healthy business behind it. The next chapter depends on people continuing to choose our coffee.
If this work matters to you, choose Songbird Colombian, select a subscription if it fits your household, or introduce a friend to Thanksgiving Coffee.
Your order helps sustain the daily work and relationships behind this story. Then brew a little extra for this month’s Maple and Coffee Baked Pears. The cook deserves a cup, too.
“Be our voice” began with farmers asking to be heard. Cups of Change is an invitation to keep listening, and to let what we learn change what we do. Thank you for helping carry that promise forward.
Not Just a Cup, But a Just Cup™
Frequently Asked Questions
What was Thanksgiving Coffee’s Coffee for Peace project?
Coffee for Peace was a project supported by Thanksgiving Coffee in the 1980s that connected Nicaraguan coffee producers with consumers in the United States and Canada. Coffee sales returned funds to Nicaragua’s farmers’ organization, UNAG, to support farming communities.
What does “Not Just a Cup, But a Just Cup” mean?
Thanksgiving Coffee’s motto connects great coffee with responsibility to the people who grow it. Co-founder Paul Katzeff adopted the phrase after visiting Nicaragua in 1985, when witnessing farmers’ living conditions changed his understanding of what a good cup of coffee should represent.
How did Thanksgiving Coffee support coffee farmers in Nicaragua?
Thanksgiving Coffee purchased Nicaraguan coffee, advocated for producers, and supported the Coffee for Peace project. Later, the company helped nine Nicaraguan cooperatives establish farmer-owned cupping laboratories and trained producers to evaluate their own coffee.
How can coffee cupping help farmers negotiate better prices?
Cupping is a standardized way to evaluate coffee’s aroma, flavor, and quality. Access to cupping equipment and training helps farmers understand and document their harvest’s value, giving them stronger information for discussions with buyers. Quality knowledge supports negotiation, although it does not guarantee fair compensation.
What is Smithsonian Bird Friendly coffee?
Smithsonian Bird Friendly® coffee meets certification requirements for organic farming and wildlife habitat protection. The standards protect tree cover and biodiversity on coffee farms, helping conserve habitat for migratory and resident birds.
About the Author
Lavender Grace Kent, Head of Brand Narrative & Culture
Lavender Grace documents Thanksgiving Coffee’s history, producer relationships, environmental commitments, and continuing work at the intersection of coffee, culture, and biodiversity.
Stay in touch - we like to stay connected
A History of Fair Trade and Coffee Farmer Advocacy
Explore Thanksgiving Coffee’s history of fair trade and coffee farmer advocacy, from Coffee for Peace in Nicaragua to farmer-owned cupping laboratories. Discover how direct relationships and access to quality knowledge helped advance producer autonomy—and shaped the meaning of “Not Just a Cup, But a Just Cup.”Fair Trade Coffee, Coffee Farmer Advocacy, Thanksgiving Coffee, Coffee for Peace, Paul Katzeff, Nicaragua, Ethical Sourcing, Farmer-Owned Cupping Labs, Coffee History, Producer Autonomy
read more-
French Press Ritual | How to Brew Bold, Full-Bodied Coffee
There’s something grounding about the French press.
It slows the morning just enough to notice the steam rising, the aroma unfolding, the first pour settling into your cup. This is a brewing method that honors the full body of the coffee - rich, textured, and deeply satisfying.
(It is also our founders preferred brewing method).
At Thanksgiving Coffee Company, we’ve spent over five decades refining the craft of roasting and working directly with farmers at origin. The French press is one of the simplest ways to experience that work in its fullest expression unfiltered, generous, and alive with flavor.
Not Just A Cup, But A Just Cup™
Brew Recommendation:
Noyo Harbor French – Very Dark Roast
Bold and smoky with notes of roasted nuts and cacao nibs, this coffee was made for the French press. Its depth holds beautifully in a full-immersion brew, creating a cup that feels both grounding and expansive.
What You’ll Need
- French Press (8-cup recommended)
- Freshly ground coffee
- Filtered water
- Spoon or stirrer
- Timer
Grind Size Matters
Start with a coarse grind, about the texture of kosher salt.
This allows the coffee to fully extract without becoming overly bitter, creating a balanced and full-bodied cup.
French Press Brewing Steps
1. Measure Your Coffee
Use a ratio of:
2 grams of coffee per ounce of water
(or about 2 heaping tablespoons per 5 oz water)
2. Heat Your Water
Bring water to a boil, then let it rest for about 2 minutes to reach ~200°F
3. Preheat the Press
Pour a small amount of hot water into the press, then discard
4. Bloom the Coffee
Add grounds and pour just enough water to saturate
Let sit for 30–60 seconds(This is where the aroma opens—don’t rush it)
5. Fill & Stir
Pour remaining water and gently stir to fully saturate
Place lid on (do not press yet)
6. Brew
Let steep for 4 minutes
7. Press & Pour
Slowly press the plunger down
Pour immediately and enjoyFlavor Tips
- Slightly finer grind → stronger, more intense cup
- Slightly coarser grind → lighter, smoother finish
- Shorter brew → brighter
- Longer brew → deeper and heavier
This is where the ritual becomes your own.
Why French Press?
What people love:
- Full-bodied, rich flavor
- Simple and accessible
- No paper filter—more oils, more character
What to watch for:
- Over-extraction if brewed too long
- Sediment in cup (part of the experience)
A Moment of Craft
Coffee has always been our medium.
From the farmers who cultivate each harvest to the roast that brings out its character, every step is part of a larger relationship - between people, land, and daily ritual.
The French press brings you closest to that story.
Best enjoyed alongside dark chocolate brownies, almond croissants, or buttered toast with sea salt.
A Moment of Craft
Explore more ways to brew and enjoy:
Lavender Grace is the Director of Brand Narrative and Company Culture.
Stay in touch - we like to stay connected
French Press Ritual | How to Brew Bold, Full-Bodied Coffee
read more -
Learn how to make perfect drip coffee.
By Roastmaster, Jacob Long
Some things to keep in mind before brewing:
- Different roast colors brew best at different grinds. The best way to ensure your grind is correct is to have us grind it for you. We calibrate our grinds regularly to bring the best out of each roast color. If you are fresh-grinding your own drip coffee, talk to us about how to get the best results from your grinder.
- We recommend using 2 heaping tablespoons of coffee grounds per 8 oz. of water.
- For best taste, pre-ground coffee should not sit for longer than one week. Purchase whole beans and grind fresh at home.
- If you are storing your coffee in the refrigerator, be sure to take out enough for each pot and let it warm to room temperature before brewing. Avoid repeatedly taking the coffee package out of the fridge for brewing, as this allows water to condense on the coffee, which will make it go stale more quickly. In addition, using cold grounds to brew coffee will affect brew temperature and not allow the water to make the correct extraction.
- Before starting the brew cycle, ensure the spray head (underside of brew basket) and surrounding areas are clean by wiping them with a clean rag. (Tip: dirty spray heads are a common reason for poor-tasting coffee, and accumulated coffee will eventually affect how the spray head functions)
- Although it's tempting to "sneak a cup" before brew cycle is finished, doing so will result in unbalanced flavors. Not what you want in your morning cup.
Brewing Instructions
Step 1:
- Place filter with the correct dose of room-temperature ground coffee into the brew basket.
- Use our recommendation of 2 heaping tbsp per 8 oz. water.
Step 2:
- Gently shake brew basket to ensure coffee is well-distributed, and return brew basket to brewer.
Step 3:
Brewing the coffee:
- If using a pour-over brewer, pour desired amount of, ideally cold, filtered tap water into the top of brewer to initiate brew cycle.
- If using a plumbed-in brewer, hit the button to start the brew cycle.
Step 4:
- After the brew cycle has finished, for ideal taste, pour coffee into a preheated insulated container.
- Do not keep coffee on burner.
- Rinse and return the carafe.
Step 5:
- Empty used coffee out of brew basket, rinse brew basket of any extra grounds, and wipe spray head and surrounding areas with a clean rag.
- Finally, enjoy your coffee! :)
This month's featured coffees - 20% off!
Like us on Facebook and follow along on Instagram and Twitter for frequent updates, promotions, giveaways and more!
5 Steps to Perfectly-Brewed Drip Coffee
read more -
7 Ways To Brew Your Coffee
We’ve talked about the basics, now let’s get into the fun stuff. We hope this post will help you find your ideal coffee brewing method. As with anything, there are pros and cons to each method – and we’ve done all the work and research for you.
1. Stovetop
This one is perfect for you if you want homemade espresso but don’t necessarily want to drop a couple hundred dollars on a fancy machine. The result is rich, delicious coffee that you can craft into lattes or just enjoy by itself.
Grind
Start with a fine grind setting (#3.5), slightly coarser than texture of granulated sugar. When pinched, the ground coffee should not compress or clump.
Directions
- Fill the coffee chamber with finely ground coffee, be careful not to pack the coffee too densely.
- In a kettle, boil enough water to fill the water chamber.
- Place freshly boiled water in the water chamber, place coffee-filled chamber on top, and, using a towel or pot holder to protect your hand from heat, screw on the brewed coffee chamber.
- Place the stove top espresso maker on a burner at low to medium heat.
- As the coffee brews, watch and listen for a sputtering noise; this signals the end of the brewing. Immediately remove the espresso maker from the stove and run the bottom (water chamber) under cold water for 10 seconds to cool the chamber and stop the extraction.
- Serve your fresh espresso and enjoy.
Pros:
- Rich, delicious coffee
- Inexpensive espresso machine alternative
- Quick
- Easy to clean
Cons:
- Learning curve
- Needs your attention for the entire brewing process
2. French Press
The French Press is popular for its ease to learn and use, affordability and it’s nice and compact – doesn’t take up too much space in the kitchen.
Grind
Start with a coarse grind setting (#8) approximately the size and texture of kosher salt. The particle size should be flaky, with visible chunks.
Directions
- Measure 2 grams for every ounce of water or 2 generously heaping tablespoons of ground for every 5 ounces of water.
- Bring water to a boil and pour a small amount into the press to pre-heat.
- Let the water drop to 200 degrees, about 2 minutes off boil.
- Pour out water used to pre-heat, pour in measured ground coffee, and pour the water to saturate grounds.
- Start timer. At one minute, gently stir dry cap with a spoon to completely saturate coffee in water. Place the top over the press.
- At 4 minutes, slowly press the coffee.
- Serve and enjoy.
Note: Experiment with a finer grind for a more intense brew, or a coarser grind for a less intense brew.
Pros:
- Easy to use
- Easy to clean
- Quick
- Inexpensive
Cons:
- Tends to be inconsistent flavor
- Over-extraction can occur easily
3. Chemex
This one definitely isn’t for beginners. However, once you get the hang of it, the yield from one brew will make it all worth it.
Grind
Start with a medium-coarse grind (#7.5), slightly finer than the texture of kosher salt. The particle size should be flaky, with visible chunks.
Directions
- Measure 2 grams for every ounce of water or 2 generously heaping tablespoons of ground for every 5 ounces of water.
- Separate 3rd and 4th layers of filter and place in Chemex pot.
- Bring water to boil and pour a small amount of water (approximately 4 ounces) through the filter-lined cone to rinse the paper filter and warm the pot below.
- Let the water drop to 200 degrees, about 2 minutes off boil. Empty the water that was used to rinse the filter and warm the pot.
- Place ground coffee in the rinsed and filter lined cone and pour a small amount of water (approximately 4 ounces) over the grounds to create saturate and create a bloom. Wait 45 seconds.
- As the bloom settles, continue the pour as slowly as possible, stopping the pour as necessary so that the water never reaches above the original bloom volume. This will require stopping the pour every 15–30 seconds. Pour slowly and in a circular motion, with the goal of dispensing the total water used to brew in 3–4 minutes.
- Remove the used filter and coffee and swirl the brewed coffee for 10 seconds.
- Serve and enjoy.
Note: If the brew time is less than 3–4 minutes and the taste is weak, experiment with a finer grind. If the brew time is more than 3–4 minutes and the taste is bitter, experiment with a coarser grind.
Pros:
- Depending on the size, it can yield large amounts
- Unique, clean tasting coffee – full flavor profile
Cons:
- Fragile design
- Learning curve
- Tricky to clean
4. Hario
There’s a reason this Japanese pour-over method is a popular one. It’s simple, elegant and delivers fresh, delicious coffee with ease.
Grind
Start with a medium-fine grind (#5.5), somewhere between the texture of granulated sugar and couscous.
Directions
- Measure 1.5 grams for every ounce of water or 2 heaping tablespoons of ground for every 5 ounces of water.
- Place paper filter in cone over cup or pitcher.
- Bring water to boil and pour a small amount of water (approximately 4 ounces) through the filter-lined cone to rinse the paper filter and warm the server below.
- Let the water drop to 200 degrees, about 2 minutes off boil. Empty the water that was used to rinse the filter and warm the server.
- Place ground coffee in the rinsed and filter-lined cone and pour a small amount of water (approximately 4 ounces) over the grounds to saturate and create a bloom. Wait 45 seconds.
- As the bloom settles, continue the pour as slowly as possible, stopping the pour as necessary so that the water never reaches above the original bloom volume. This will require stopping the pour every 15–30 seconds. Pour slowly and in a circular motion, with the goal of dispensing the total water used to brew in about 3 minutes.
- Remove the used filter and coffee and swirl the brewed coffee for 10 seconds.
- Serve and enjoy.
Note: If the brew time is less than 2:30–3 minutes and the taste is weak, experiment with a finer grind. If the brew time is more than 3–3:30 minutes and the taste is bitter, experiment with a coarser grind.
Pros:
- Compact and stylish
- Easy
- Smooth coffee finish
- Inexpensive
- Easy to clean
Cons:
- Needs special filters
- Not as rich in flavor
- Learning curve with pouring the water
5. Aeropress
Fun fact: the Aeropress was invented by Alan Adler, founder of Aeropress – formerly known as Aerobie, a company specializing in outdoor flying discs and sports toys including the Aerobie Pro flying ring, which was used to set a Guinness World Record for farthest thrown object (at a distance of 1,333 feet to be exact). ALSO, that record happened to be set by Erin Hemmings, who grew up here on the Mendocino Coast!
The Aeropress is a unique way to get a quick cup of coffee on the go, and it’s so easy to bring with you anywhere.
Grind
Start with a medium-fine grind (#5.5), somewhere between the texture of granulated sugar and couscous.
Directions
- Place paper in black filter cap and lock onto brew chamber, place over cup.
- Bring water to boil and pour a small amount of water (approximately 4 ounces) through the filter-lined and capped brew chamber to rinse the paper filter and warm the server below.
- Let the water drop to 200 degrees, about 2 minutes off boil. Empty the water that was used to rinse the filter and warm the server.
- Fill brew chamber to just below the “1” mark with coffee.
- Pour approximately 2 ounces of water onto the ground coffee in the brew chamber. Start timer.
- Wait 30 seconds for the bloom to settle.
- Slowly fill with water to just above the “4” mark, stir gently, and wait one minute.
- Place plunger and slowly plunge brew into cup.
- Serve and enjoy.
Pros:
- Easy to travel with/pack up
- Can brew coffee, espresso and cold brew
- Quick
- Easy
Cons:
- Small yield, 1-2 servings
6. Melita/Cone
Grind
Start with a medium-coarse grind (#7.5), slightly finer than the texture of kosher salt. The particle size should be flaky, with visible chunks.
Directions
- Measure 2 grams for every ounce of water or 2 generously heaping tablespoons of ground for every 5 ounces of water.
- Place paper filter in cone over cup.
- Bring water to boil and pour a small amount of water (approximately 4 ounces) through the filter-lined cone to rinse the paper filter and warm the cup below.
- Let the water drop to 200 degrees, about 2 minutes off boil. Empty water used to pre-heat cup.
- Place ground coffee in the rinsed and filter-lined cone and pour a small amount of water (approximately 4 ounces) over the grounds to saturate and create a bloom. Wait 45 seconds.
- As the bloom settles, continue the pour slowly, stopping the pour as necessary so that the water never reaches above the original bloom volume. Pour slowly and in a circular motion, with the goal of dispensing the total water used to brew in 3-4 mintues.
- Serve your fresh brewed coffee and enjoy.
Note: Experiment with a finer grind for a more intense brew, or a coarser grind for a less intense brew.
Pros:
- Easy to travel with/pack up
- Can brew coffee, espresso and cold brew
- Quick
- Easy
Cons:
- Small yield, 1-2 servings
7. Cold Brew
What is Cold Brew?
Cold coffee is the chilled-out variant of the hot coffee you know and love. More then just a cooler brew, cold coffees have their own distinct flavor profiles due to the differences in how the essential oils are extracted from the coffee bean; cold and slow vs. hot and fast.
Most coffee retailers use hot-brewed coffee in their iced coffee drinks because it is faster/easier. They will typically brew hot with twice the amount of grounds for a double-strength concentrate that can be refrigerated and diluted. Unfortunately, this method completely misses the many benefits that cold-brewed coffee has to offer.
Cold-brewed coffee is 67 percent less acidic than coffee that is hot-brewed.
Directions
How It's Made
Cold-brewed coffee is made by soaking coffee grounds in cold water for 12 or more hours, usually brewed overnight. This method allows for a slow extraction of the coffee’s flavor, producing a super-smooth brew that has 67% less acidity than conventional hot-brewed coffee. This means that cold-brewed coffee is less bitter and easier on sensitive stomachs.
In addition to being smooth and low on acidity, cold-brewed coffee keeps for significantly longer with no loss of flavor. By brewing cold, the flavor compounds within the coffee are more stable and won’t degrade as quickly as hot brewed coffee, which can become overly bitter in a matter of hours.
A batch of cold-brewed coffee can last for up to two weeks.
Cold-brewing offers an alternate way to enjoy our delicious coffees. Try your favorite coffee brewed cold and taste the difference for yourself.
Pros:
- Smoother, less bitter than hot-brewed coffee
- Refreshing summer beverage
Cons:
- Long brewing time
Resource for 2023 Brewing Gifts
We hope you learned something new! Did you find a new brewing method to try, or confirm that your current favorite is the only way? Let us know! Remember to follow us on social for more brewing tips and to join the conversation.
Coffee Tips: Part II - 7 Ways to Brew Your Coffee
read more